Pearls in the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of older adults' lived experiences in Ghana

Authors

  • Delali Adjoa Dovie University of Ghana

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31211/interacoes.n40.2021.a2

Keywords:

Older adults, COVID-19 pandemic, Challenges, Coping mechanisms, Childcare

Abstract

This study investigates older Ghanaian adults' lived experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic along the trajectory of social, healthcare, childcare, self-care and humanitarian dimensions and how they navigated the effects thereof, utilizing interpretive methodology based qualitative dataset. The sample [n=10] was selected using purposive sampling technique. The paper finds that the current pandemic poses significant social challenges. The restrictions on human social movements has implications for social isolation. Social isolation can lead to loneliness and depression. Essentially, loneliness and long-term social distancing physiologically have the propensity to decrease the ability of an individual to fight infections and inflammations. In consequence, the study participants adopted a myriad of survival strategies such as social bonding with grandchildren, keeping busy, fending for and socialising children outside the traditional classroom environment and yet keeping them focused academically. These activities facilitate social interaction among older adults and children with implication for bridging the childcare gap that the closure of schools has brought about with some form of relief for working mothers. It also serves as an income generating avenue in disguise albeit meagre.  In conclusion, more reflection on and the study of the social, psychological/emotional, self-care and childcare challenge dimensions of the pandemic is imperative.

References

Bazeley, P., & Jackson, K. (2014). Qualitative data analysis with Nvivo, (2nd ed.). Sage.

Blaakilde, A. L. (2007). Löper Tiden från Kronos? Om Kronologiseringens Betydelse för Föreställningar om Ålder. [Time out for chronos? On the significance of chronology for notions of age]. In L, -E. Jönsson & S. Lundin (Eds.), Åldrandets betydelser. Studentlitteratur, pp 25–51.

CDC (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Retrieved September 1, 2020 from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/older-adults.html#:~:text=Help%20at%20Home-,The%20risk%20for%20severe%20illness%20with%20COVID%2D19%20increases%20with,than%20people%20in%20their%2050s.

Chanda-Kapata, P., Kapata, N., & Zumla, A. (2020). COVID-19 and malaria: A symptom screening challenge for malaria endemic countries. Int. J. Infect Dis., 94, 151-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.007

Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Colaizzi, P.F. (1978). Psychological Research as the Phenomenologist Views It. In R. S. Valle, & K. Mark (Eds.), Existential Phenomenological Alternatives for Psychology, Oxford University Press, New York, 48-71.

De-Graft Aikins, A., Kushitor, M., Sanuade, O., Dakey, S., Dovie, D. A. & Kwabena-Adade, J. (2016). Research on aging in Ghana from the 1950s to 2016: A bibliography and commentary. Ghana Studies Journal, 19, 173-189.

De-Graft Aikins, A., & Apt, N. A. (2016). Aging in Ghana: setting priorities for research, intervention and policy. Ghana Stud. J. 19, 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1353/ghs.2016.0002

Desmond, C., Sherr, L., & Cluver, L. (2020). Covid-19: Accelerating recovery. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2020.1766731

Divala, T., Burke, R. M., Ndeketa, L., Corbett, E. L., & MacPherson, P. (2020). Africa faces difficult choices in responding to COVID-19. The Lancet, 2019, 4539118. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31056-4

Dovie, D. A. (2020). Articulation of the shallow inclusion and deep exclusion of older adults from the Ghanaian policy terrain. Public Policy Studies, 2(26), 59-85. https://doi: 10.33119/KSzPP/2020.2.3

Dovie, D. A. (2019). Leveraging social media induced visual culture for body image enhancement: The case of socialization in a contemporary society. Vista, (4), 117-152. https://doi.org/10.21814/vista.3018

Dovie, D. A., Dzorgbo, D.B.S., Mate-Kole, C.C., Mensah, H.N., Agbe, A.F., Attiogbe, A., & Dzokoto, G. (2019). Generational perspective of digital literacy among Ghanaians in the 21st century: Wither now? Media Studies, 11(20). https://doi.org/10.20901/ms.10.20.7

Dovie, D. A., Ayimey, I.R., & Adodo-Samani, P. (2018). Pension policy dimension to Ghanaian workers’ housing needs provision. Interações: Sociedade e as Novas Modernidades, 35, 30-56. https://doi.org/10.31211/interacoes.n35.2018.a2

Engels, G. L. (1980). The clinical application of the biopsychosocial model. Am J. Pschiatry, 137(5), 535-44. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.137.5.535

Foucault, M. (2007). Security, territory, population. Lectures at the college de France, 1977–78. Palgrave Macmillan.

FUTURAGE. (2011). A road map for European ageing research. The University of Sheffield.

Genoe, R., Kulczycki, C., Marston, H.R., Freeman, S., Musselwhite, C., & Rutherford, H. (2018). E-leisure and older adults: Findings from an international exploratory study. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 52(1),1-18. https://doi.org/10.18666/TRJ-2018-V52-I1-8417

Hadley, R. A. (2015). The case of the invisible older childless men. The Fure of Care: ILC-UK [Online]. http://bit.ly/2WBNTuV

Heck, T. G., Frantz, R. Z., Frizzo, M.N., François, C. H. R., Ludwig, M. S., Mesenburg, M. A., Buratti, G. P., Franz, L. B. B., & Berlesi, E. M. (2021). Insufficient social distancing may contribute to COVID-19 outbreak: The case of Ijuí city in Brazil. PLOS ONE.

Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Ann Behav Med., 40(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8

Holland, K. (2001). A study to identify stressors perceived by health science lecturing staff within a school at a South African University. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5683

Holt-Lunstad, J. (2020). The double pandemic of social isolation and COVID-19: Cross-sector policy must address both. https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20200609.53823

Hsieh, S., Wu, M. & Tang, C-H. (2016). Adaptive strategies for the elderly in inhibiting irrelevant and conflict no-go trials while performing the go/no-go task. Front. Aging Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2015.00243

Jones, L. (1980). Great expectations: America and the baby boom generation. New York: Coward, McCann and Geoghegan.

Jones, X. R. (2020). Covid-19: An Exposition, with a Focus on Social Isolation in the Elderly (UK) (Draft). figshare. Preprint. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12022632.v2

Lazarus, R. S. (1993). Coping theory and research: Past, present, and future. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55, 234–247. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199305000-00002

Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.

Marston, H. R., Musselwhite, C., & Hadley, R. (2020). COVID-19 vs social isolation: The impact technology can have on communities, social connections and citizens. Retrieved from https://ageingissues.wordpress.com/2020/03/18/covid-19-vs-social-isolation-the-impact-technology-can-have-on-communities-social-connections-and-citizens/

Marston, H.R., Genoe, R., Freeman, S., Kulczcki, C., Musselwhite, C. (2019). Older adults’ perceptions of ICT: Main findings from the technology in later life (TILL) study. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/7/3/86

Miller, G. (2020). Social distancing prevents infections, but it can have unintended consequences. Retrieved from https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/we-are-social-species-how-will-social-distancing-affect-us.

Miles, M. B., & A. M. Huberman. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

I G. (2020). How air pollution exacerbates Covid-19. BBC News.

Musango, L., Nundoochan, A., & Kirigia, J.M. (2020). The discounted money value of human life loss associated with COVID-19 in Mauritius. Frontiers in Public Health.

Myers, R. & Indriso, C. (1986). Women’s work and children. Paper prepared for Rockfeller Foundation workshop on issues related to gender, technology and development, Feb 26-27.

Nilsson, G., Ekstam, L., Axmon, A. & Andersson, J. (2021). Old overnight: Experiences of age-based recommendations in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden, Journal of Aging & Social Policy. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2021.1925042

Nilsson, G., Ekstam, L., & Andersson, J. (2018). Pushing for miracles, pulling away from risk: An ethnographic analysis of the force dynamics at senior summer camps in Sweden. Journal of Aging Studies, 47(47), 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2018.03.004

Novotney, A. (2019). The risks of social isolation. Monitor on Psychology, APA, 50(5), p. 32.

Oppong, C. (2006). Familial roles and social transformations: older men and women in sub-Saharan Africa. Res. Aging 28, 654–668. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027506291744

Press conference (2020, March 16) Pressträff om covid-19 (coronavirus). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2MajAQvpY8

Quadagno, J. (2014). Aging and the life course: An introduction to social gerontology (6th edition). McGraw Hill.

Rivera-Rodrigues, C., & Urdinola, B. P. (2020). Predicting hospital demand during the COVID-19 outbreak in Bogota, Colombia. Frontiers in Public Health.

Robinson, S. (2019). Isolation Has Profound Effects on The Human Body And Brain. Here’s What Happens, s.l.: The Conversation, Science Alert.

Rothan, H. A., & Byrareddy, S. N. (2020). The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun, 109, 102433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433

Rudnickand, A. (2020). Social, psychological, and philosophical reflections on pandemics and beyond. Societies, 10, 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc10020042

Saladino, V., Algeri, D. & Auriemma, V. (2020). The psychological and social impact of Covid-19: New perspectives of well-being. Front. Psychol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577684

Sarasin, P. (2020). Understanding the coronavirus pandemic with foucault? https://doi.org/10.13095/uzh.fsw.fb.254

Schatz, E., & Seeley, J. (2015). Gender, ageing and carework in East and Southern Africa: a review. Glob. Public Health 10, 1185–1200. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2015.1035664

Shaheen, F., & Alam, S. (2010). Psychological distress and its relational to attributional styles and coping strategies among adolescents. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 36(2), 231–238.

Shaw, N. (2020). 1.4 million in UK will be told to cut all social contact from Monday, Cardiff, Wales: Wales Online. 21.

Singer, C. (2018). Health Effects of Social Isolation and Loneliness. Journal of Aging Life Care, Spring 2018. https://www.aginglifecarejournal.org/health-effects-of-social-isolation-and-loneliness/

Singu, S., Acharya, A., Challagundla, K., & Byrareddy, S. N. (2020). Impact of social determinants of health on the emerging COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Frontiers in Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00406

Sreeramareddy, C. T., Shankar, P. R., Binu, V. S., Mukhopadhyay, C., Ray, B., & Menezes, R. G. (2007). Psychological morbidity, sources of stress and coping strategies among undergraduate medical students of Nepal. BMC Medical Education, 7.

Stubbings, L. (2020). Letter, written by the Chair of the NFWI in response to the current situation surrounding Coronavirus (COVID-19). https://twitter.com/WomensInstitute/status/1239589253111111680/photo/1

Tetteh, P. (2005). We are managing: Childcare arrangements of working mothers in Accra. Legon Journal of Sociology, 2(2), 81-98.

The Public Health Agency. (2020). Information till riskgrupper om covid-19 [Information for risk groups about covid-19]. Sweden: the Public Health Agency. https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se

UN (2020). Policy brief: The impact of COVID-19 on older persons. https://www.un.org/development/desa/ageing/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2020/05/COVID-Older-persons.pdf

WHO (2020). Older people and COVID-19. https://www.who.int/teams/social-determinants-of-health/covid-19

Zabetakis, I., Lordan, R., Norton, C., & Tsoupras, A. (2020). COVID-19: The inflammation link and the role of nutrition in potential mitigation. Nutrition, 12, 1466; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051466

Downloads

Published

2021-06-30

How to Cite

Dovie, D. A. (2021). Pearls in the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of older adults’ lived experiences in Ghana. Interações: Sociedade E As Novas Modernidades, (40), 29–59. https://doi.org/10.31211/interacoes.n40.2021.a2

Issue

Section

Articles