3. Retraction, Corrections, and Post-Publication Policy

The journal follows COPE guidelines to deal with errors, misconduct, or the need for clarification after publication.

Corrections

Issued when:

• There are minor factual or typographical errors that do not affect the validity of the results.
• The correction must be published as quickly as possible.
• The original article is not removed but will be updated with a correction notice.

Authors’ errata

When authors detect relevant errors after publication, they must contact the editorial team. Errata will be published when:

• The error was introduced by the authors themselves.
• The credibility of the results is not compromised.

Retractions

A retraction will be issued when:

• There is evidence of misconduct (plagiarism, fabrication, or falsification of data).
• Data or methods are irreparably incorrect.
• There are serious ethical violations.

The retraction will be:

• Linked to the original article.
• Published in a subsequent issue.
• Transparent regarding the reasons.
• Permanently maintained on the website.

Expressions of concern

May be issued when:

• There are serious suspicions still under investigation.
• The journal is awaiting conclusions from institutional proceedings.

Post-publication versions

The journal does not remove articles from the platform, except in legal cases (e.g. defamation, judicial decisions, risks to participants).